Ice templated and ice seed tailored hydrogels for highly efficient solar evaporator

In recent years, freshwater resources have become a global concern, and solar vapor generation (SVG) has garnered significant attention from researchers. Herein, a novel hydrogel solar evaporator was prepared by incorporating lignin and CuS-rGO into a chitosan-gelatin matrix. The anisotropic and isotropic morphologies of the hydrogel were prepared by pathway control on the solidification velocities of ice crystals and ice seeds. It presented that the anisotropic morphology can improve the refraction of light and increase the utilization rate of light by forming a light trap, leading to higher water evaporation rate . Additionally, ice seed was introduced during the freezing process, producing an anisotropic hydrogel with curled layer structure that endowed lower enthalpy of water evaporation and faster water transfer rate, resulting in high evaporate of 3.62 kg m −2  h −1 under one solar irradiation with photothermal conversion efficiency of 97.7 %. Finally, the gel also demonstrated good mechanical properties , long-term working stability and harsh environment tolerance, which make it ideal for outdoor applications. The hydrogel evaporator had potential to generate 25.24 kg m 2 water per day that could meet the huge demand for freshwater as sources.