Macrophage Membrane-Camouflaged Prussian Blue-Based Nanoparticles for Targeted Photothermal-Dynamic Therapy against ESKAPE Pathogens and Improved Skin Infection Outcome

Infections caused by Enterococcus fascism, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species (ESKAPE) bacteria and their biofilms considerably threaten human health. Developing antibacterial agents against ESKAPE bacteria and controlling related inflammation are urgently needed. Herein, we developed a nanosystem by coating M1 macrophage membranes onto the surface of Prussian Blue@polydopamine@IR820 nanoparticles (PDIM NPs) for determining the antimicrobial activity against skin and soft tissue infection. Upon administration, PDIM NPs actively aggregated in the infected regions of subcutaneous abscesses owing to their homologous targeting properties. Under irradiation with a near-infrared (NIR) 808 nm laser, PDIM NPs exhibited outstanding antibacterial effects via synergistic photothermal and photodynamic therapy. Thereafter, the naked Prussian Blue-based nanoparticles effectively scavenged excessive reactive oxygen species and alleviated inflammation. The mouse model demonstrated the regulation of angiogenesis, collagen deposition, and attenuated hyperinflammation. Furthermore, PDIM NPs exhibited excellent biosafety in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, PDIM NPs showed remarkable infectious site-targeting properties and antimicrobial performances and facilitated the healing of cutaneous abscesses, providing strategies for treating ESKAPE bacteria and biofilm-associated diseases.