Modification of bacterial cellulose by MoBTx MBene and 1,4-dithiothreitol for rapid and efficient adsorption of indomethacin and losartan potassium

Lowering the threat of antibiotics is a hot issue in environmental chemistry. To overcome this problem, a novel MBene-based adsorbent, DTT@BC@MoBT x , was designed by modification of bacterial cellulose (BC) using MoBT x MBene and 1,4-dithiothreitol (DTT). Several characterization methods, including Fourier transforms infrared (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and X-ray Diffraction (XRD), confirmed the successful synthesis of DTT@BC@MoBT x composite. It was discovered that the abundance of functional groups, higher specific surface area, and porosity were facilitative for DTT@BC@MoBT x adsorbents to indomethacin (IDM) and losartan (LP). The adsorption of IDM and LP well fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model, suggesting the single-layer chemisorption occurred on the adsorbent. The maximum sorption capabilities of the DTT@BC@MoBT x adsorbent were 1041.26 mg/g for IDM and 887.31 mg/g for LP, indicating excellent adsorption performance. The adsorption capacities of IDM and LP showed a slight decline after four consecutive adsorption-desorption tests, indicating excellent regeneration ability and stability. Interfering monoanionic (Na + and K + ) and monoanionic (Cl − and NO 3 − ) exhibited negligible impacts on IDM and LP elimination rates at all three concentrations. Additionally, it was discovered that metal ions had a greater ability for interference in a higher valency state (Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , SO 4 2− , and CO 3 2− ) than in a lower valency state (Na + , K + , Cl − , and NO 3 − ). The adsorption processes of IDM and LP by the DTT@BC@MoBT x adsorbent involved hydrogen bonding and electrostatic attraction, as shown by FTIR and XPS analyses. This work offered a novel MBene-based adsorbent for the quick and effective adsorption of IDM and LP from water.