One step reduction of coral-like palladium–gold–copper trimetallic alloy nanoparticles (Pd–Au–Cu NPs) and its investigation as photothermal-enhanced fenton catalytic degradation of organic dye pollutants

In this study, we employ a straightforward one-pot heating method to synthesize coral-like palladium-gold-copper trimetallic alloy nanoparticles (Pd–Au–Cu NPs). These nanoparticles are characterized by a coral-like structure with multiple spines radiating outward. Their unique morphology, substantial specific surface area, and trimetallic composition confer exceptional Fenton catalytic activity and photothermal conversion capabilities. We characterized the materials using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and UV–visible spectroscopy of organic dyes. The material demonstrates strong photothermal properties and significant Fenton catalytic activity in the near-infrared region, achieving up to 98 % degradation of organic dyes, such as methylene blue (MB). Even after multiple cycles, Pd–Au–Cu NPs retain distinct nanoprotrusions, exhibit good photothermal stability, and maintain sustained Fenton catalytic activity, achieving up to 90 % degradation of MB after five cycles. Compared to previous and existing nanomaterials, our trimetallic nanoparticles with unique structure exhibit superior photothermal conversion efficiency and contribute to environmental protection. This study presents a novel approach for environmentally sustainable treatments.