Organic acids released by submerged macrophytes with damaged leaves alter the denitrification microbial community in rhizosphere

Submerged macrophytes have important impacts on the denitrification and anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing (anammox) processes. Leaf damage in these plants probably changes the rhizosphere environment, affecting organic acid release and denitrifying bacteria . However, there is a lack of comprehensive understanding of the specific changes. This study investigated these changes in the rhizosphere of Potamogeton crispus with four degrees of leaf excision. When 0 %, 30 %, 50 % and 70 % of leaves were excised, the concentrations of total organic acid were 31.45, 32.67, 38.26, and 35.16 mg/L, respectively. The abundances of nirS -type denitrifying bacteria were 2.10 × 10 10 , 1.59 × 10 10 , 2.54 × 10 10 , and 4.67 × 10 10 copies/g dry sediment, respectively. The abundances of anammox bacteria were 7.58 × 10 9 , 4.59 × 10 9 , 3.81 × 10 9 , and 3.90 × 10 9 copies/g dry sediment, respectively. The concentration of total organic acids and the abundance of two denitrification microorganisms in the rhizosphere zone were higher than those in the root zone and non-rhizosphere zone. With increasing leaf damage, the number of OTUs in the Pseudomonas genus of nirS- type denitrifying bacteria first increased and then decreased, while that of the Thauera genus was relatively stable . The overall increase in the OTU number of anammox bacteria indicated that leaf damage promotes root exudates release, thereby leading to an increase in their diversity. The co-occurrence network revealed that the two denitrification microorganisms had about 60.52 % positive connections in rhizosphere while 64.73 % negative connections in non-rhizosphere. The abundance and community composition of both denitrification microorganisms were positively correlated with the concentrations of various substances such as oxalic acid , succinic acid , total organic acids and NO 2 - -N. These findings demonstrate that submerged plant damage has significantly impacts on the structure of denitrification microbial community in the rhizosphere, which may alter the nitrogen cycling process in the deposit sediment. Synopsis This study reveals leaf damage of macrophyte changed the rhizosphere denitrification microbial community , which is helpful to further understand the process of nitrogen cycle in water.