Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and 2,5-dimethylfuran from fructose using wine lees-derived C-SO3H and Pt5Fe5/C catalyst

Direct production of 2,5-dimethylfuran (DMF) from fructose is crucial for developing biomass-derived fuels, yet it presents significant challenges due to the need for multifunctional active sites for dehydration and hydrodeoxygenation. Meanwhile, the disposal of wine lees, a major winemaking by-product, incurs substantial costs. Herein, a hybrid catalyst system of sulfonated wine lees carbon (WLC-SO 3 H) and PtFe/C was introduced, achieving a DMF yield of 66.4 % directly from fructose. WLC-SO 3 H, with enhanced Brønsted acidity, demonstrated high activity in dehydrating fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) with a 98.2 % yield. PtFe/C effectively catalyzed the hydrodeoxygenation of HMF to DMF, driven by the strong interaction between Pt and Fe species. This interaction was confirmed through in situ DRIFTS and theoretical calculations, highlighting the system's superior catalytic performance.