Reconciling the Cooperative–Competitive Patterns among Tumor and Immune Cells for Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment Using Multimodule Nanocomplexes

Targeting the competitive–cooperative relationships among tumor cells and various immune cells can efficiently reverse the immune-dysfunction microenvironment to boost the immunotherapies for the triple-negative breast cancer treatment. Hence, a bacterial outer membrane vesicle-based nanocomplex is designed for specifically targeting malignant cells and immune cells to reconcile the relationships based on metabolic-immune crosstalk. By uniquely utilizing the property of charge-reversal polymers to realize function separation, the nanocomplexes could synergistically regulate tumor cells and immune cells. This approach could reshape the immunosuppressive competition–cooperation pattern into one that is immune-responsive, showcasing significant potential for inducing tumor remission in TNBC models.