Reinforcing and toughening poly (lactic acid) using cellulose nanocrystal grafted with epoxidized soybean oil

Currently, toughening poly(lactic acid) (PLA) without reducing its strength and modulus is still challenging. Fortunately, this problem could be addressed by incorporating cellulose nanocrystals grafted with epoxidized soybean oil (CNCs-g-ESO) into the PLA matrix. The percolation threshold for uniform dispersion of the CNCs-g-ESO in the PLA matrix was about 0.8 wt%. The loading made the elongation at break and tensile fracture energy of the PLA composite film increase to 26.5 and 11.26 from 3.7% and 0.96 MJ.m −3 , respectively, concerning the neat PLA. Meanwhile, it also resulted in a 4.7% and 12.4% increase in the tensile strength and Young's modulus, respectively. Additionally, the initial decomposition temperature (T 5% ) of the PLA composite increased to 334.9 from 316.1°C after incorporating the CNCs-g-ESO. Therefore, the CNCs-g-ESO, acting as an ESO-like plasticizer and a CNCs-like nucleating agent, is a potential nanofiller for reinforcing and toughening PLA. Highlights Cellulose nanocrystal grafted with epoxidized soybean oil (CNCs-g-ESO) The CNCs-g-ESO acting as both plasticizer and nucleating agent The CNCs-g-ESO decreasing the spherulite size, but increasing the CrI of PLA The CNCs-g-ESO enlarging the window for thermal process of PLA Simultaneous reinforcement and toughness of PLA