Sensitive detection of ciprofloxacin in the livestock manure by a portable smartphone platform based on Eu-MOFs@hydrogel composites

Antibiotic contamination is increasing and poses a major threat to the ecosystem. The development of effective and low-cost methods for the in-situ detection of ciprofloxacin (CIP) in environmental samples has become an important research hotspot. Here, we develop a smartphone-compatible visualization kit oriented for CIP detection based on metal–organic frameworks Eu-MOFs@hydrogel composites,which exhibits efficient and specific recognition of CIP and results in a change in fluorescence color from red to light blue. Besides, the concentration of CIP can be determined by RGB analysis on a smartphone with a wide linear range (0.002–50 μM) and a low detection limit (0.00137 μM). The assay kit also possesses good environmental adaptability and stability, showing excellent selectivity and anti-interference ability for 11 common veterinary drugs. Additionally, the recoveries of the sensing probe in chicken and duck manure samples ranged from 70.66 % to 112.2 % with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) within 1.88 %-5.53 %. These results indicate that the developed hydrogel portable smart detection kit has great potential for practical field testing of CIP.