Sweat and Deformation-Resistance Graphite/PVDF/PANI-Based Temperature Sensor for Real-Time Body Temperature Monitoring

Body temperature is critical indicator of human health, and its real-time monitoring is crucial for assessing body status and disease diagnosis. In this work, a flexible temperature sensor is presented that employs a graphite/polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/polyaniline composite and demonstrates a negative temperature coefficient (NTC). This sensor exhibits high sensitivity (−0.832%/ °C), rapid response time (11.05 s), and excellent linearity ( R 2 = 0.98). Its integration with a self-adhesion PDMS-PEG substrate layer ensures close skin contact, enhancing the accuracy of temperature measurements. Notably, the sensor's stability and resistance to sweat and deformation ensure continuous, reliable temperature monitoring, even during extensive exercise. This sensor thus represents a significant advancement in flexible and waterproof temperature sensing technologies.