Wearable photothermal TENG patches that enhance triboelectric output are used to promote proliferation and metastasis of fibroblasts

The triboelectric charge of the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) will decrease due to the interfacial electric field. This work prepared PVDF/BaTiO 3 /MXene nanocomposite films as the intermediate layer between the negative friction material and the bottom electrode. The output voltage is about 450 % higher than that without the intermediate layer. Adding PVDF/BaTiO 3 enhanced the polarization effect, and adding MXene material provided abundant electron capture sites. Under the synergistic impact of electron storage and polarization effect, the triboelectric output of HOT-TENG is enhanced. Based on a single-electrode model, the e-skin patch collaboratively utilizes electrical stimulation and the photothermal effects of MXene to promote the proliferation and migration of fibroblasts over a short period (about 24 hours) without significant effects on cell survival. These findings support the development of TENG for wound healing and highlight the potential for developing portable enhanced electrical stimulation and photothermal patch devices.