Peacock feather-inspired myricetin-responsive biofilm enables in-situ spoilage visualization via biogenic amines-inflected chromaticity grading

Direct visual monitoring of meat spoilage remains challenging due to limitations in dynamic tracking and precise classification. This study demonstrates that biogenic amine (BA) concentrations are positively correlated with spoilage levels, guiding the development of sensing systems requiring breakthroughs in dynamic inflection detection, gradient classification, and quantitative chromaticity-BA correlation models. Metabolomic analysis revealed that histamine (0.85–5.25 mg kg −1 ), cadaverine (3.10–14.97 mg kg −1 ), and tyramine (7.33–85.79 mg kg −1 ) accumulation synergistically interact with glutathione depletion, driven by histidine/arginine metabolism alterations during goat meat spoilage. Based on BAs variations, a dynamic biogenic amine index (BAI) model was established: BAI = -8.08 + 17.70e^(t/2.65), precisely identifying the spoilage inflection point at ≥3.25 days and enabling three-tier gradient classification of spoilage progression (16.28–103.81 mg kg −1 ). We developed a carnauba wax-carboxymethyl cellulose-polyvinyl alcohol-myricetin (CW-CPM) multifunctional film: i) Structural innovation: replicating peacock feather barbed textures and bamboo-like microstructures created multiscale rough surface, and coating CW induced superhydrophobic states (139.4° contact angle); ii) functional integration: UV-triggered reversible photochromism via myricetin regulation (465 nm-triggered yellow-green fluorescence, Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.467, 0.524), switching to yellowish under natural lights), overcoming static anti-counterfeiting limitations; the film's B-values attenuation exponentially to BAI values, enabling in-situ spoilage visualization; iii) performance synergy: integrating high toughness, thermal stability, biodegradability, and preservation functions, forming an intelligent packaging system integrating spoilage mechanism analysis, dynamic monitoring, photo-responsive anti-counterfeiting, and active preservation for comprehensive solutions in food quality management.