Gastrointestinal dynamics and glycemic modulation of benzyl isothiocyanate-loaded fish skin gelatin-pectin emulsions: A comprehensive in vitro and in vivo analysis

This study developed an emulsion delivery system using fish skin gelatin (FSG) and pectin (PEC) as complex emulsifiers to encapsulate benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC). The stability and BITC release profile of the FSG-PEC emulsion were evaluated in vitro and in vivo . Results indicated that the FSG-PEC emulsion significantly enhanced BITC bioavailability compared to water emulsion and single emulsifier systems, achieving targeted delivery. The BITC-loaded FSG-PEC emulsion significantly increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, cholesterol, and triglyceride levels, alleviated liver enzyme injuries, lowered creatinine and blood urea nitrogen levels, relieved oxidative stress induced by hyperglycemia, enhanced liver antioxidant capacity, reduced pro-inflammatory factor content in the liver, and improved liver tissue and islet damage in T2DM mice. This research not only provides a theoretical foundation for the delivery and controlled release of lipophilic active substances but also lays the groundwork for further exploration of their functional activities in vivo .