Blade-Coating-Compatible Strategy for Uniform Anchoring of Self-Assembled Molecules toward Scalable Perovskite Solar Module Fabrication

Self-assembled molecules (SAMs) have served as a pivotal interfacial engineering enabler for advancing the performance of perovskite solar cells. However, the spontaneous aggregation of SAMs leads to uneven deposition, particularly in the fabrication of large-area perovskite solar modules (PSMs) by blade-coating. Here, a co-adsorption strategy utilizing 3-amino-1-propanesulfonic acid (3NS) is proposed as a blade-coating-compatible strategy to achieve a uniform SAMs anchoring across a 10 × 10 cm 2 substrate. Acting as a co-adsorbate with SAMs, 3NS leverages synergistic multiple intermolecular interactions—such as electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding, and cation-π interactions—to effectively disrupt the aggregation of SAMs, enabling their high-density anchoring on NiO x substrate. Meanwhile, the 3NS-SAMs co-adsorption layer system optimizes interfacial energy level alignment and passivates defects. By virtue of this co-adsorption strategy, the PSM achieves a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.16% (active area: 63.09 cm 2 ). Moreover, the modules retain 87.64% and 72.70% of their initial PCE after 1100 h of ambient aging and 264 h of continuous thermal aging at 80 °C, respectively. This work presents a scalable blade-coating-compatible strategy for controlling the deposition of SAMs, advancing the development of high-performance PSMs.