Visible light-mediated degradation of benzo(a)pyrene in smoked sausages by liposome-encapsulated hydrogenated TiO₂: insights into mechanisms and pathways

This study aims to explore the control and degradation of benzo( a )pyrene (B( a )P) in smoked sausages through photocatalysis. Experimental results indicate that TH@CS-LDO-Lip (Hydrogenated TiO 2 -coated Carbon Sphere-Layered Double Oxide-Liposome) significantly improves the light energy utilization efficiency and enhances the separation of photogenerated charge carriers. The film fabricated based on TH@CS-LDO-Lip effectively reduced B( a )P levels in smoked sausage by 67.1 %–68.7 % ( P  < 0.05). After 10 min of visible light irradiation, the degradation rate of B( a )P adsorbed onto the film increased to 70.4 %–81.5 % ( P  < 0.05). Cytotoxicity analysis revealed that treatment with B( a )P significantly reduced cell viability to 45.2 % and proliferation rate to 52.1 %. In contrast, cells treated with the B( a )P degradation solution (D-B( a )P) exhibited a viability of 96.8 % and a proliferation rate of 90.64 %. The barrier structure formed by liposomes and nanotubes effectively minimized direct contact between the catalyst and sausage, thereby providing a safe strategy for the control of B( a )P.