Novel galloyl acylglycerols amphiphilic antioxidants for multilayer and multivesicular liposomes protection

In this study, novel amphiphilic antioxidants, galloyl acylglycerols (GAGs), were successfully synthesized by integrating gallic acid (GA) with acylglycerols of varying acyl chain length (C 12 -C 18 ) using mild Steglich esterification. The structural identities of these derivatives were confirmed through NMR and MS analysis. Further evaluation revealed that GAG-C 18 exhibited excellent radical scavenging activity and superior antioxidant performance in both simple and complex liposomal dispersions compared to other gallic acid derivatives. Additionally, GAG-C 18 effectively minimized the degradation and leakage of bioactives including curcumin and anthocyanins in multilayer and multivesicular liposomes. Microscopic investigation by confocal microscopy further demonstrated the visual results of the GAG-C 18 to protect the liposome under oxidation. As an amphiphilic antioxidant, GAG-C 18 demonstrated increased efficiency in lipid dispersions by preferentially accumulating in the oil-water interface, where oxidation predominantly occurs. The remarkable antioxidant performance of naturally derived amphiphilic GAG antioxidants makes them ideal candidates for ensuring oxidative stability in delivery systems.