MOF/COF hybrid adsorbents enable rapid and efficient pyrethroid extraction from eggplant via pH-salt-independent DSPE-HPLC for food safety analysis

The increasing presence of pyrethroid pesticides (PYs) in agricultural products necessitates advanced analytical methods for food safety monitoring. This study introduces a novel metal–organic framework–covalent organic framework (MOF–COF) hybrid adsorbent, NH₂–MIL–101(Fe)@TpBD, for the rapid extraction of PYs from eggplants via pH/salt–independent dispersive solid–phase extraction (DSPE) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimized method achieved efficient extraction of four PYs (permethrin, cyfluthrin, esfenvalerate, and bifenthrin) within 4 min, using 20 mg of adsorbent and 1.5 mL of acetonitrile. The method demonstrated excellent linearity (0.12–8.00 mg·kg −1 ), high sensitivity (LODs: 0.0416–0.0515 mg·kg −1 ), and robust recoveries (85.5–107.6 %), with enrichment factors of 389–410. Adsorption mechanisms were dominated by chemisorption, facilitated by π–π stacking and hydrogen bonding. The rapidity and efficiency of this method highlight its potential for high-throughput food safety analysis. This work underscores the synergistic integration of MOF/COF hybrids as advanced adsorbents for pesticide monitoring in complex food matrices.