Regulatory mechanism of Acidovorax temperans LK1 on the combined pollution of fomesafen and lead

Microbial remediation is an eco-friendly and cost-effective approach to mitigate the environmental risks caused by fomesafen (FSA) and lead (Pb). In this study, a novel strain, Acidovorax temporans LK1, was isolated and demonstrated the ability to degrade 97.5 % of FSA within 2 d. Strain LK1 achieved simultaneous removal rates of 68.6 % for FSA and 38.4 % for Pb within 48 h. The effectiveness of strain LK1 in addressing FSA and Pb co-contamination was further validated by flow cytometry and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Analysis of the degradation products revealed potential FSA degradation pathways, including nitro reduction, S-N bond cleavage, C-N bond cleavage, and ether bond cleavage. Over 21 d, strain LK1 removed more than 70 % of FSA and 40 % of Pb from the soil, significantly reducing the combined pollution stress on sweet corn and demonstrating its high efficacy under real-world conditions. Metabolomic analysis revealed that strain LK1 employed a series of metabolic reactions to maintain the intracellular metabolic balance, enabling efficient FSA degradation. These findings highlight the significant potential of strain LK1 for bioremediation, offering a novel solution for addressing the agricultural challenges associated with FSA and Pb co-contamination.