Comparative Phytochemical Analysis of Gastrodiae Rhizoma Peel and Core and Their Lifespan-Extending Potential in Caenorhabditis elegans

Gastrodiae Rhizoma(tianma, TM), a traditional medicine that has food and medicine homology, faces controversy over retaining its epidermis (tianma pi, TP) during processing due to unclear phytochemical value. This study presents the first integrated approach combining GC–IMS, UHPLC–MS, andCaenorhabditis elegans(C. elegans) aging models to compare TP with the tuber core (tianma xin, TX). The results include the following: (1) A total of forty-seven volatile compounds were identified by GC–IMS, including 12 key aroma substances via relative odor activity value (ROAV ≥ 1), of which seven ((Z)-4-heptenal, β-citronellol, hexanal, 1-pentanol, 1-octen-3-one, 2-methylpropanol, and 2-butanone) were enriched in TP. (2) Non-targeted metabolomics revealed 1025 metabolites via UHPLC–MS, highlighting phenylpropanoid biosynthesis as the primary differential pathway (p< 0.05). Phenylpropanoids and polyketides exhibited predominant enrichment in TP (|log2FC| > 2, VIP > 1,p< 0.01). (3) InC. elegansmodels, TP outperformed TX in pharyngeal pumping (4.16%,p< 0.05), while both extended stress-resistant lifespan (p< 0.01). In conclusion, TP plays an essential role in establishing the characteristic odor profile of TM and retaining bioactive components, particularly phenylpropanoids. Preserving TP during processing optimally maintains the distinctive aroma profile and pharmacological value of TM, which provides valuable guidance for industrial utilization.