An environment-friendly formulation of bifenthrin nano controlled release agent based on PCN-222 and biosafety in horticultural fields

BACKGROUND Pyrethroids are widely used insecticides due to their efficacy and safety for humans, yet their toxicity to beneficial insects like bees remains a critical environmental concern. Developing controlled-release formulations to mitigate non-target toxicity and enhance pesticide efficiency is imperative for sustainable agriculture. RESULTS In this experiment, two types of PCN-222 materials, with small and large particle sizes, were synthesized using a solvothermal method. Bifenthrin (Bif) was loaded onto PCN-222 to prepare the controlled-release agent Bif@PCN-222. The structure and properties of the prepared materials were characterized by morphology observation, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and contact angle measurements. The experimental findings indicated that Bif@PCN-222 demonstrated excellent release performance under alkaline conditions and exhibited better wettability on cabbage leaves compared to commercial formulations. Additionally, the Bif@PCN-222 controlled-release agent significantly improved resistance to UV photodegradation. Safety evaluations showed that Bif@PCN-222 had minimal impact on the growth of Zoysia grass and notably reduced toxicity to bees. CONCLUSION These results show that we have successfully prepared Bif@PCN-222, which can enhance the pest control effect, reduce the toxicity to non - target organisms, and have a relatively small impact on plant growth and the number of soil microflora. © 2025 Society of Chemical Industry.