An Antigen-Free Nanovaccine-Enabled Holo-Immunotherapy for Establishing Robust Memory Immune Tolerance in Autoimmune Diseases

Inflammation-related immune cell subsets with abnormal activation, impaired tolerance, and complex intercellular interactions drive the progression and incurability of autoimmune diseases (AIDs). Here, we present an antigen-free nanovaccine-enabled holo-immunotherapy that comprehensively modulates inflammation, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. The nanovaccine, composed of dual NF-κB inhibitors (budesonide and bortezomib) and comodified with sialic acid (SA) and enzyme-cleavable polyethylene glycol (PEG), leverages the SA-Siglec axis for targeted delivery to inflammation-related macrophage, dendritic cell, and CD4+ T cell subsets. By bridging innate and adaptive immunity, this multitargeted strategy synergistically reshapes the inflammatory microenvironment, establishes robust memory immune tolerance, and promotes immune homeostasis restoration, leading to sustained efficacy and delayed relapse in the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model. Unlike traditional vaccines, the antigen-free design eliminates reliance on exogenous antigens, minimizes off-target immune risks, and holds promise for broader clinical applicability. The nanovaccine outperforms anti-TNF-α antibodies in treating models of CIA, adjuvant-induced arthritis, and chronic ulcerative colitis, highlighting its potential as a universal vaccine platform for AID therapy. Overall, this work provides a strategy to address AID challenges through precise immune regulation and durable therapeutic benefits.