Targeting ROS-Metabolism Dual Pathways to Trigger PANoptosis by Cobalt-Vanadium Oxides Biomimetic Nanocakes for Tumor Immunotherapy

To overcome the resistance of tumor cells to death through a single pathway, PANoptosis, a novel synergistic mode of cell death, can simultaneously activates pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. Most current strategies for inducing PANoptosis focused on amplifying reactive oxygen species (ROS) through exogenous stimuli, while the regulatory role of tumor cell metabolic characteristic in this process has long been overlooked. We propose a ROS-Metabolism dual axis synergistic induction of PANoptosis, simultaneously enhancing antitumor immune responses, and construct a novel bionic nanoplatform named CVOVM. This platform consists of CoVO x nanocakes and the glutamine transporter inhibitor V-9302, with 4T1 cell membranes as camouflage. In tumors, CVOVM initiates a series of catalytic reactions: CoVO x promotes numerous ROS generation, while V-9302 disrupts glutamine metabolism, depleting glutathione (GSH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ), thereby triggering the assembly of PANoptosome primarily composed of NLRP3 and NLRC5, which initiates pyroptosis, apoptosis, and necroptosis. The occurrence of PANoptosis promotes immunogenic cell death (ICD) to remodel tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment, and enhances immunotherapy and inhibits lung metastasis. Overall, we present a previously unreported mechanis to achieve the synergistic induction of PANoptosis through ROS amplification and metabolic inhibition, enhancing antitumor immunity, and potentially providing new opportunities and possibilities for combination cancer therapy.