FOXO1-NMNAT3 axis dysregulation promotes doxorubicin cardiotoxicity: NAD+ replenishment as a redox-targeted antioxidant therapy

Objectives Doxorubicin (DOX) induces dose-dependent cardiotoxicity, primarily through oxidative stress and metabolic dysregulation. Although NAD+ deficiency has been implicated in cardiovascular pathology, its role in DOX-induced cardiotoxicity (DIC) remains poorly understood. This study investigated NAD+ metabolism dysregulation as a redox-sensitive mechanism in DIC pathogenesis.Methods Human cardiomyocytes (AC16), mouse atrial myocytes (HL-1), and C57BL/6 mice were used to establish the DIC model. The role and mechanism of NAD+ in DIC were investigated using a range of methods.Results Using integrated in vitro and in vivo models, we demonstrated that DOX induces myocardial oxidative damage accompanied by NAD+ depletion. Exogenous NAD+ supplementation mitigated the DOX-induced cardiomyocyte death and redox imbalance. Mechanistically, pharmacological CD38 inhibition with 78C or genetic silencing failed to restore the NAD+ pool, whereas nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 3 (NMNAT3) overexpression, combined with nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) administration, effectively rescued NAD+ levels and attenuated oxidative stress. Computational and functional analyses identified FOXO1 as a transcriptional repressor of NMNAT3 following DOX exposure.Conclusion This study establishes the dysregulation of the FOXO1-NMNAT3 axis as a key mechanism underlying NAD+ depletion in DIC. Targeting this axis through NAD+ replenishment, particularly by activating NMNAT3, offers a novel redox-based therapeutic strategy against DIC.