Akkermansia-Mediated BSH Regulation Alleviates Diabetic Dyslipidemia via the TCA-FXR/TGR5 Axis: Unraveling the Antidiabetic Mechanism of RKP

The gut microbiota is vital in regulating glycolipid metabolism through bile acid pathways, while pectin maintains gut flora balance. Polysaccharides from red kidney beans (RKPs), particularly pectic types, lower blood sugar and lipids, although the mechanism is unclear. Our findings showed that RKP intervention significantly affects primary bile acid synthesis, especially conjugated bile acids, notably taurocholic acid (TCA). Correspondingly, FXR and TGR5 were identified as key receptors in glucolipid metabolism. Further, Akkermansia was proven to be a vital strain and to effectively improve glycolipid metabolism associated with regulating the activity of bile salt hydrolases (BSHs) and bile acid composition, especially for TCA in diabetic mice. Our results provide an antidiabetic mechanism of RKP and suggest that enriched Akkermansia via regulating the vitality of BSH is altered in response to the composition of bile acid, especially for TCA, thereby alleviating glycolipid metabolism through the TCA-FXR/TGR5 axis.