High-performance [001]c-oriented PSN–PMN–PT textured ceramics for energy harvesting applications

In this study, anisotropy strategy was employed to effectively enhance the piezoelectric performance and energy harvesting capability of 6 Pb(Sc 1/2 Nb 1/2 )O 3 -61 Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -33PbTiO 3 (Abb. 6PSN–61PMN–33PT) ceramics. A high crystallographic orientation (Lotgering factor F 001 exceeding 98.5 %) was obtained in 6PSN–61PMN–33PT textured ceramics using the template grain growth (TGG) method. The piezoelectric response of 6PSN–61PMN–33PT ceramics was significantly improved, while the dielectric constant ( ε r ) was reduced. Compared to random ceramics, the textured ceramics exhibited higher figure of merit ( d 33 × g 33 ), markedly enhanced electromechanical coupling factor ( k p ) and piezoelectric coefficient ( d 33 ). The optimal properties were obtained in 6PSN–61PMN–33PT textured ceramics with 1 wt% BaTiO 3 template: d 33  = 1179 pC/N, k p  = 0.87, ε r  = 2766， d 33 × g 33  = 5.67 × 10 −11  m 2 /N, dielectric loss tan δ about 0.56 %, mechanical quality factor Q m  = 194, and piezoelectric strain constant d 33 ∗  = 1130 pm/V and maximum strain S  = 0.23 % at 20 kV/cm. These results demonstrate that 6PSN–61PMN–33PT textured ceramics hold promising application potential in energy harvesters.