Intravital observation of neuronal and immune cell dynamics in the developing mammalian brain

The mammalian brain contains diverse neuronal and immune cell types that exhibit dynamic motions in response to distinct extracellular environments. However, technical limitations make it difficult to investigate complex cellular motions in the developing brain in vivo . Here, we establish the intravital imaging of externally immobilized embryos (IMEE) method for long-term, large-field, and deep-depth imaging of mouse embryos, excelling in viewing angle flexibility, procedural simplicity, and functional applicability. Through combining IMEE with in utero retro-orbital injection and topological analysis of vector fields, we characterize distinct neuronal migration patterns and illustrate interactions among neurons, immune cells, and vasculature under physiological conditions and environmental stress during brain development. Our results suggest that neuronal migration guidance and immune surveillance depend on cellular adaptation to the local environment through distinct motion patterns of somata or processes. Our findings provide critical insight into the environmentally adaptive nature of neural cells in the developmental landscape.