Multifunctional MXene for Thermal Management in Perovskite Solar Cells

Incorporating Ti 3 C 2 T X nanosheets enhanced perovskite thermal conductivity (from 0.236 to 0.413 W m −1 K −1 ) and reduced operating temperature by ~3 °C under illumination, mitigating heat-induced degradation. Ti 3 C 2 T X offers multiple additional functionalities, including defect passivation, improved charge transfer efficiency, and optimized energy level alignment. Champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) reached 25.13% (vs. 23.70% control). Retained 80% PCE after 500 h at 85 °C/RH = 30 ± 5%, outperforming control (58% after 200 h). MPP tracking showed 70% PCE retention after 500 h in N 2 (vs. 20% control).