Differentiating the 2D Passivation from Amorphous Passivation in Perovskite Solar Cells

Benzamidine derivatives are utilized to differentiate between 2D passivation and amorphous passivation. Introducing an n-type 2D passivation layer enhances the charge extraction and transportation and reduces the interface recombination in inverted perovskite solar cells. The intramolecular charge of organic ligands is critical for the formation of crystalline 2D capping layers on 3D perovskite layers. The long-term stability of inverted perovskite solar cells is improved owing to hydrophobic sealing of 3D perovskite via crystalline 2D capping.