Stabilizing cathode-electrolyte interphase by localized high-concentration electrolytes for high-voltage sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) operating under high-voltages suffer from unstable cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) formed on the cathode surface , resulting in continuous electrolyte decomposition, surface reconstruction, transition metal dissolution, and eventually capacity decay. Therefore, designing high-voltage electrolyte and constructing the robust CEI are critical for high-energy SIBs. Herein, a localized high-concentration electrolyte (LHCE) is fabricated by dissolving sodium hexafluorophosphate in methyl ethyl carbonate, fluorinated ethylene carbonate and 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether, which demonstrates oxidative stability exceeding 6 V relative to Na + /Na. The dense and homogeneous inorganics-rich CEIs are generated by the preferential decomposition of PF 6 − anions during the electrochemical charge to 4.4 V, which lower interface impedance, facilitate Na + transportation and suppress subsequent side reactions. Consequently, the cell integrating high-voltage P2-Na 0.7 Li 0.03 Mg 0.03 Ni 0.27 Mn 0.6 Ti 0.07 O 2 cathode and Na anode exhibits a capacity retention of 87.3% after 200 cycles and a high-rate discharge capacity of 84 mA h g −1 at 20 C under a high cut-off voltage of 4.4 V. This work offers a feasible pathway to tailor electrolyte chemistry and interphase properties for practical next generation high-voltage SIBs.