CD38 and extracellular NAD+ regulate the development and maintenance of Hp vaccine‐induced CD4+ TRM in the gastric epithelium

Tissue-resident memory T cells (T RM ) can be induced by infection and vaccination, and play a key role in maintaining long-term protective immunity against mucosal pathogens. Our studies explored the key factors and mechanisms affecting the differentiation, maturation, and stable residence of gastric epithelial CD4 + T RM induced by Helicobacter pylori (Hp) vaccine and optimized Hp vaccination to promote the generation and residence of T RM .CD38 regulated mitochondrial activity and enhanced TGF-β signal transduction to promote the differentiation and residence of gastric epithelial CD4 + T RM by mediating the expression of CD105. Extracellular nucleotides influenced the long-term maintenance of T RM in gastric epithelium by P2RX7. Vitamin D3 and Gram-positive enhancer matrix particles (GEMs)as immune adjuvants combined with Hp vaccination promoted the production of CD69 + CD103 + CD4 + T RM .