Systemic evaluation of novel acaricide hexythiazox for bioactivity improvement and risk reduction at the enantiomer level

Traditional risk assessments of chiral pesticides mainly depend on racemic form, which is often incomprehensive. This study conducted systemic investigations on the bioactivity , toxicity, and ecotoxicological effects of hexythiazox (HTZ) at the enantiomer level. The elution order and absolute configuration of HTZ enantiomers were determined. ( 4R, 5R )-(+)-HTZ exhibited 708 and 1719 times higher bioactivity against Tetranychus cinnabarinus and Tetranychus urticae eggs than ( 4S, 5S )-(−)-HTZ, respectively. Molecular docking indicated greater interactions between ( 4R, 5R )-(+)-HTZ and chitin synthase leading to higher bioactivity of ( 4R, 5R )-(+)-HTZ. However, ( 4S, 5S )-(−)-HTZ induced greater changes in protein and malondialdehyde content, and antioxidant and detoxification enzyme activities than ( 4R, 5R )-(+)-HTZ in earthworms. Furthermore, integrated biomarker response results indicated ( 4S, 5S )-(−)-HTZ exhibited higher toxic effects on earthworms than ( 4R, 5R )-(+)-HTZ. Finally, significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in earthworms after exposure to ( 4R, 5R )-(+)-HTZ and ( 4S, 5S )-(−)-HTZ, respectively. These DEGs were mainly enriched in glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and purine metabolism pathways in earthworms. Additionally, six metabolism pathways were also enriched, including pyruvate metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis , oxidative phosphorylation , citric acid cycle , fatty acid degradation , and ATP-binding cassette transporters. These findings suggest that earthworms exhibited enantiomer-specific responses to ( 4R, 5R )-(+)-HTZ and ( 4S, 5S )-(−)-HTZ. This study provides systemic insight into the toxicity mechanism of HTZ at the enantiomer level and the potential to develop ( 4R, 5R )-(+)-HTZ as a high-efficiency and low-risk pesticide.