Determination of naringin and neohesperidin in "Quzhiqiao" (Immature fruit of Citrus paradisi 'Changshan Huyou') using graphene-based molecularly imprinted technology

A sensitive and selective molecularly imprinted polymer-graphene oxide (MIP@GO) electrochemical sensor was fabricated for the determination of naringin and neohesperidin in "Quzhiqiao" (immature fruit of Citrus paradisi 'Changshan Huyou'). The MIP@GO was prepared by electropolymerization using naringin and neohesperidin as templates. Under optimized conditions, the sensor exhibited linear ranges of 0.1–50 μM for naringin and 0.2–60 μM for neohesperidin, with low detection limits of 0.03 μM and 0.05 μM, respectively. The imprinting factors for naringin and neohesperidin were 3.8 and 2.5, respectively. The sensor demonstrated excellent selectivity, reproducibility (RSD < 3.6 %), stability (>94.5 % retention after 30 days), and reusability (>92.8 % retention after 10 cycles). The MIP@GO sensor was successfully applied to Fructus aurantii samples, with recoveries ranging from 95.5 % to 104.2 %. This work presents a rapid, cost-effective, and highly sensitive approach for the quality control of Quzhiqiao and related citrus products.