1D/2D SnO2/rGO composites-modified GCE for highly sensitive nonenzymatic electrochemical determination of chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol (CAP) has demonstrated favorable therapeutic effects against various bacteria and is widely utilized in the aquaculture industry. However, CAP has recently been classified as a carcinogen, emphasizing the importance of developing effective methods to monitor its concentration. In this study, one-dimensional/two-dimensional (1D/2D) SnO 2 /reduced graphene oxide (rGO) composites were employed to modify a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) for the electrochemical detection of CAP. The SnO 2 /rGO composite materials were synthesized via a solution reaction and calcination method. Optimal electrochemical sensing conditions, including pH values, scan rates, and accumulation parameters, were systematically investigated to demonstrate feasibility. The resulting SnO 2 /rGO/GCE achieved a current density of 154.56   µA/cm², up to 75 times higher than other modified electrodes. Furthermore, the SnO 2 /rGO/GCE exhibited a strong linear relationship within a detection range of 0.001–100   μM and an excellent limit of detection of 0.315   nM for CAP. Finally, the electrodes with optimized modifications were successfully applied to determine CAP concentrations in real lake water and milk samples. These promising results suggest that the as-fabricated SnO 2 /rGO electrode presents a novel and highly effective approach for CAP detection.