Long-lasting antibacterial cotton fabric treated with “one-bath” impregnation of N-halamine precursor

Long-lasting antibacterial properties in cotton fabric address microbial growth, odor formation, and hygiene issues, which are common drawbacks at the usage of natural fibers. Recent cotton market demands durable, eco-friendly solutions that enhance fabric longevity and performance in various applications. This study presents the development of a durable and multifunctional antibacterial cotton fabric achieved through a feasible and cost-effective “one-bath” impregnation process. A N -halamine precursor, featuring a terminal chlorine group (TD@Cl), was chemically bonded to the hydroxyl groups of cotton fabric, imparting enhanced antibacterial properties along with flame-retardancy, hydrophobicity, and self-cleaning capabilities. The TD@Cl treated fabric, designated as COTD, demonstrated exceptional antibacterial efficacy, exhibiting over 99.99% efficacy against both S. aureus and E. coli , with rapid bactericidal action within 3 min of contact. Notably, the COTD-Cl fabric maintained its antibacterial performance even after 40 washing cycles. Flame-retardancy tests revealed a 43.4% reduction in total heat release (THR) compared to untreated cotton. The fabric exhibited superior hydrophobicity and self-cleaning properties. Its air permeability and water vapour permeability are also discussed. These results highlight the potential of this efficient method to produce durable, multifunctional cotton fabrics suitable for a wide range of practical usages, such like garments, decoration and furniture etc.