Kelp-derived Cu-Fe3C@KC nanoclusters for microwave-assisted catalytic dye degradation

The rapid growth of the dyeing and printing industry has resulted in severe water pollution, posing significant threats to human health and ecosystems. To effectively tackle this challenge, this study presents a novel approach using marine biomass-derived carbon (kelp) combined with Prussian blue (FeCu-PBA) to synthesize carbon-based nanoclusters (Cu-Fe 3 C@KC) for efficient microwave-assisted degradation of high-concentration dyes. By optimizing the FeCu-PBA-to-kelp mass ratio (FeCu/KC), we tailored the material’s morphology and enhanced its microwave absorption properties, achieving rapid and effective dye degradation. Experimental results demonstrate that Cu-Fe 3 C@KC-3 degraded methyl orange, methylene blue, crystal violet, and rhodamine B with efficiencies of 99.37 %, 96.23 %, 94.67 %, and 99.77 %, respectively, within just 4 min. Mechanistic studies, including free radical capture experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis, revealed that superoxide radicals ( O 2 − ), holes (h + ), electrons (e − ), and hydroxyl radicals ( OH) were the primary reactive species in the degradation process, with OH playing a dominant role due to its strong oxidative capacity. This research highlights the dual advantages of Cu-Fe 3 C@KC-3: superior catalytic performance and cost-effectiveness. The innovative use of kelp as a precursor provides a sustainable and economical pathway for the large-scale treatment of dye-laden wastewater, addressing critical environmental challenges with significant practical implications.