Graphene/PEDOT:PSS conformally wrapped encapsulated silver nanowire films for transparent electrothermal heater

Silver nanowires (AgNWs) films are a promising alternative to indium tin oxide (ITO) as transparent conductors, but their adhesion and thermal stability are limited. We prepared a transparent conductive film by bonding PEDOT:PSS with graphene and AgNWs on a hydrophilically treated polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. This improved the film’s thermal stability and reduced resistivity due to enhanced adhesion. The sheet resistance of the flexible AgNWs/GR/PEDOT:PSS composite film decreased to about 20 Ω/sq at approximately 80 % transmittance, with minimal changes after bending tests, indicating good adhesion to PET. The composite film also demonstrated excellent stability under long-term storage and high temperatures (up to 106 °C). Joule heating evaluations revealed an average heating rate of 7.19 °C/s at low bias voltages (6.0–12.0 V), highlighting its potential for flexible transparent heaters in future electric heating devices.