Physiological Adaptations of Vigna radiata to Heavy Metal Stress: Soluble Sugar Accumulation and Biomass Enhancement

Background: Heavy metal contamination significantly threatens crop growth and global food security. Understanding plant responses to such stress is crucial to developing stress-tolerant crops. This study explores the physiological and biochemical responses ofVigna radiata(L.) R. Wilczek to mercury, lead, and copper stress, focusing on the role of soluble sugar accumulation and biomass enhancement in conferring heavy metal tolerance. Methods: Commercially availableV. radiataseeds were exposed to varying concentrations (50, 150, and 300 mg/L) of mercurous nitrate, lead nitrate, and copper chloride under controlled conditions. The germination rates, seedling growth, and physiological parameters such as the soluble sugar and protein content were analyzed using spectrophotometry and statistical methods, including ANOVA. Results: The results demonstrated that lead ion stress significantly increased the seedling dry weight, while all the tested heavy metals promoted soluble sugar accumulation. Although the heavy metals inhibited germination and growth at higher concentrations,Vigna radiataexhibited strong tolerance at moderate stress levels. Conclusion: This study highlights the adaptive strategies ofV. radiata, including soluble-sugar-mediated osmotic adjustment and enhanced biomass allocation, which contribute to its resilience under heavy metal stress. These findings provide insights for breeding stress-resistant crops and managing heavy-metal-contaminated environments.