Metabolomics and Antioxidant Activity of Valonea from Quercus variabilis Produced in Different Geographical Regions in China

The genusQuercusis widely distributed globally and serves as a potential source of phenolic compounds, which are renowned for their potent biological activities. The primary objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of metabolite components and evaluate the relative antioxidant activities of valonea (acorn cups) fromQuercus variabilis(Q. variabilis) of different geographic origins using a UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-based metabolomics approach. A total of 791 metabolite components were identified, with significant variations in their concentrations observed among samples from different geographic locations. Among these, 1-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose was identified as a key active compound. The biosynthesis of galloyl sugars, galactose metabolism, and pathways for starch and sucrose metabolism represent the three pathways that correspond to the differential metabolites, encompassing 23, 11, and 7 metabolites, respectively. The variations in the antioxidant effectiveness of valonea could mainly be linked to the synthesis of galloyl sugars. These findings improve our knowledge of the composition of valonea and offer valuable resources for its extensive utilization and focused development.