Three-dimensional flexible framework synergized with sodiophilic SnS2 nanosheet arrays to realize high-performance sodium-metal battery

Three-dimensional and interconnected SnS 2 nanosheet arrays in-situ growth on carbon-cloth is constructed as highly stable and sodiophilic host for development of CC@SnS 2 @Na composite anode. The synergistic effect of the mesoporous SnS 2 nanosheet arrays and the CC framework ensures a sodiophilic characteristic, reduces localized current density and suppress volume variation, which guarantee a uniform Na + plating/stripping and ideal compatibility with different electrolyte. Excellent cycling stability of the CC@SnS 2 @Na composite anode across varying current densities is revealed with a significantly lower overpotential compared to bare sodium electrodes. More impressively, the full battery coupled with Na 3 V 2 (PO 4 ) 3 cathode and CC@SnS 2 @Na anode manifests ultrafast charge-discharge capability and exceptional cycling stability even under harsh conditions of high current density and low temperatures: 3500 cycles at an ultra large rate of 50C (equivalent to a charging time of only 1.2 min), 94.6 % capacity retention after 1200 cycles at −20 °C, demonstrating a favorable reaction kinetics and stable anode/electrolyte interface. Moreover, the NVP || CC@SnS 2 @Na pouch battery also delivers a high capacity with outstanding cycling stability (90.4 % capacity retention after 200 cycles at 1 C). Such satisfactory performance of CC@SnS 2 @Na anode under harsh conditions lays a solid foundation for its practical applications in high energy density batteries.