Depolarization enhanced deposition of titanium based on liquid cathodes

The molten salt electrolysis method has garnered significant attention for titanium extraction. However, the multi-step reduction and disproportionation reactions of titanium ions severely impact the current efficiency of this process. This study investigated the cathodic behavior of titanium ions on liquid lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) electrodes in fluoride melts using first-principles calculations and electrochemical analysis. The structure of titanium species in the melt and the reduction mechanism of titanium ions on solid molybdenum (Mo), liquid Zn, and Pb electrodes were elucidated through high-temperature in-situ Raman spectroscopy and experimental analysis. Numerical simulations were employed to analyze the electrolysis process, yielding optimal electrolysis parameters such as current density and overpotential. Electrolysis products were examined through experimental electrolysis and X-ray computer microtomography (x-ray μ-CT) reconstruction, validating the numerical simulation results and confirming the optimal electrolysis parameters. These findings provide valuable insights for enhancing the scalability of the molten salt electrolysis method for titanium extraction and purification.