Enhanced solar-driven desalination using a 2.5D evaporator with dual-sided light absorption and oil-resistant properties

The utilization of solar energy for desalination and irrigation has emerged as an effective strategy. However, most traditional evaporators are constrained by single-sided light absorption and internal blockages caused by salt or oil accumulation. These issues significantly impede their light absorption efficiency and recycling capabilities. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel double-sided light-absorbing 2.5D evaporator. Both the upper and lower layers of this evaporator are composed of porous carbon nanofilms specifically designed for efficient photothermal conversion. The nanostructured surface substantially enhances the optical path of sunlight, creating a light-trapping effect that improves light absorption. Additionally, an interlayer hydrophilic membrane is integrated to facilitate upward water transport, synergistically enhancing evaporation efficiency in conjunction with the double-sided light-absorption structure. Determining the optimal working angle is crucial for maximizing the evaporator’s performance. At the optimal tilt angle, it achieves an evaporation rate of 3.43 kg m − 2 h −1 . By leveraging its double-sided design and tunable film wettability, the 2.5D evaporator demonstrates remarkable capability in separating salt-resistant and oil–water emulsions. Furthermore, it exhibits exceptional stability, maintaining a high evaporation rate during cyclic testing. These findings confirm its outstanding purification performance for treating oily wastewater or seawater, offering a practical solution to address irrigation challenges.