Ertugliflozin induces vasodilation by inhibiting AMPK-mediated mitochondrial fission in vascular smooth muscle cells

Hypertension is a primary risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recently, Ertugliflozin (Ertu), a new sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, though primarily approved by the FDA as an antidiabetic agent, has been reported to lower blood pressure. However, whether Ertu directly regulates the contractility of arteries remains unknown. Here, we examined Ertu's effects on vascular function and underlying molecular mechanisms. Isometric tension of arteries was recorded using a multi-wire myograph system. In rat mesenteric arteries, Ertu acutely relaxed vessels constricted by phenylephrine (PE) and high K + (KPSS), while pretreatment with Ertu inhibited PE- and KPSS- induced vascular constriction. Similar outcomes were observed in the mouse thoracic aorta. Notably, these vasodilatory effects of Ertu are mediated by vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) rather than endothelial cells. Mechanistically, we found that Ertu activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway in VSMCs and rat thoracic aorta tissues by decreasing ATP levels and the ATP/ADP ratio. Using the AMPK inhibitor Compound C, we observed that Ertu-induced vasodilation was abolished. Furthermore, we found that Compound C reversed Ertu-mediated reductions in cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca 2+ ]i) and mitochondrial fission, which were accompanied by diminished mitochondrial membrane potential in VSMCs. In conclusion, this study demonstrates for the first time that Ertu inhibits AMPK-mediated mitochondrial fission in VSMCs, leading to vasorelaxation, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for hypertension.