Bag-pressed plasticine carbon electrodes for perovskite solar cells and modules

Carbon-based top electrodes have significant value in enhancing the stability and reducing the cost of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, the fabrication process for carbon-based top electrodes in large-area, high-performance perovskite solar modules (PSMs) still lacks practical techniques. In this work, we reference the bag moulding process and use a plasticine-like uncured carbon paste to prepare the top electrode for small-area PSCs and PSMs. Benefiting from the uniform pressure provided by the bag pressing process, this carbon electrode can make sufficiently good electrical contact with the hole transport layer in the large-area device in a single pass. After further removing excess fluid, the device can achieve efficiencies of 18.57 % (∼0.15 cm 2 ) and 14.44 % (∼10 cm 2 ) with good stability. This convenient top electrode preparation method at room temperature offers a novel technological solution for the commercial application of large-area PSMs.