Nanoparticle-assisted DES-catalyzed green and efficient synthesis of versatile hydrogels for degradable wearable sensors

Conductive hydrogels (CHs) offer exceptional promise for flexible wearable electronics, however, traditional CHs exhibit poor mechanical, degradability, transparency, and self-healing performance. Moreover, their preparation methods often involve time-consuming processes, reliance on external energy sources, and toxic chemical initiators, retarding their practical application. To address these challenges, a novel nanoparticle-assisted deep eutectic solvents (DES)-catalyzed system was first adopted, achieving the efficient preparation of multifunctional CHs within 10 min by the initiator and crosslinker-free method. The as-prepared hydrogels demonstrating high extensibility (up to 4187 %), elasticity, transparency (>90 %), conductivity (up to 21.5 mS/m), self-healing, resistance to environmental factors (−70 °C, and RT for 14 days), excellent biocompatibility and antibacterial capacity. These properties enable them to realize real-time detection of human strain, voice, and deformation (response time = 210 ms). Furthermore, the hydrogels' inherent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties promote efficient wound healing, while their degradability in saline solution (<62 h) aligns with the demands of sustainable wearable technology. Our approach offers a promising avenue for developing environmentally friendly and high-performance CHs that can revolutionize the field of wearable sensors.