Rapid detection of capsaicinoids via a Bi2S3/rGO/MWCNT-COOH-modified screen-printed electrode coupled with glass bead-assisted ultrasonic extraction

In order to achieve rapid extraction and sensitive detection of capsaicinoids, this study combined glass bead-assisted ultrasound extraction with a Bi2S3/rGO/MWCNT-COOH-modified screen-printed electrode. By integrating ethanol–water solvents and glass beads, the ultrasonic cavitation effect was enhanced, reducing the extraction time from 50 minutes to 22 minutes while maintaining high efficiency. The composite-modified SPE exhibited superior electrochemical performance, achieving a detection limit of 26 nM through differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The response surface methodology optimized extraction parameters and real-sample validation demonstrated high reliability (recovery: 94.70–110.50%) and consistency with HPLC results. This approach offers a rapid, eco-friendly solution for on-site analysis of capsaicinoids in food safety and quality control applications.