Glucose-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of hierarchical MoS2/C structures with expanded interlayer spacing and 1T/2H hybrid phases for enhanced lithium and sodium storage

Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) has emerged as a promising anode material for lithium-ion and sodium-ion batteries, yet its practical application is limited by sluggish ion diffusion and low electrical conductivity. Herein, we propose a glucose-assisted hydrothermal strategy that simultaneously enables 1T/2H phase engineering, carbon intercalation, and hierarchical MoS 2 –carbon coupling—forming a “three-in-one” composite structure. The synthesis is achieved using halloysite-derived carbon nanotubes as templates, leading to a 1T/2H-MoS 2 /carbon composite with expanded interlayer spacing and a porous framework. As an anode material, 1T/2H-MoS 2 /C3 delivers outstanding performance, achieving 926.7 mAh g −1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g −1 and 544.6 mAh g −1 after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g −1 in lithium-ion cells. In sodium-ion cells, it maintains 403.4 mAh g −1 after 200 cycles at 0.2 A g −1 and 173.5 mAh g −1 after 10,000 cycles at 5 A g −1 . These remarkable enhancements arise from the synergistic effects of the “three-in-one” design, which collectively optimize electronic conductivity, lower ion diffusion barriers, and ensure structural integrity over long-term cycling.