High-Performance Electrochromic Energy Storage Devices Based on Hexagonal WO3 and SnO2/PB Composite Films

Electrochromic devices have garnered significant interest owing to their promising applications in smart multifunctional electrochromic energy storage systems (EESDs) and their emerging next-generation electronic technologies. Tungsten oxide (WO3), possessing both electrochromic and pseudocapacitive characteristics, offers great potential for developing multifunctional devices with enhanced performance. However, achieving an efficient and straightforward synthesis of WO3electrochromic films, while simultaneously ensuring high coloration efficiency and energy storage capability, remains a significant challenge. In this work, a low-temperature hydrothermal approach is employed to directly grow hexagonal-phase WO3films on FTO substrates. This process utilizes sorbitol to promote nucleation and rubidium sulfate to regulate crystal growth, enabling a one-step in situ fabrication strategy. To complement the high-performance WO3cathode, a composite PB/SnO2film was designed as the anode, offering improved electrochromic properties and enhanced stability. The assembled EESD exhibited fast bleaching/coloration response and a high coloration efficiency of 101.2 cm2C−1. Furthermore, it exhibited a clear and reversible change in optical properties, shifting from a transparent state to a deep blue color, with a transmittance modulation reaching 81.47%.