In situ coordinated HTL strategy for high-performance and scalable perovskite solar cells

Achieving uniform and stable hole transport layers (HTL) is crucial for large-area perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, current self-assembled monolayer (SAM)-based HTL suffer from weak interfacial adhesion, poor film uniformity, and limited stability, constraining their scalability. Our study proposes an integrated HTL strategy with in situ SAM anchoring during NiO x synthesis, forming a type of scalable, high-performance, and durable HTL. This strategy significantly enhances molecular ordering, energy level alignment, and charge extraction, leading to a more pronounced performance improvement in large-area slot-die coating modules. PSCs with this HTL achieved a champion PCE of 26.02% (with an active area of 0.0655 cm 2 ), while large-area modules reached 22.80% at 23.25 cm 2 , 21.45% at 87.45 cm 2 , and 20.21% at 749.276 cm 2 (certified at 19.50%), showing superior scalability. Moreover, the irradiation and thermal stability, key concerns for commercial applications, were significantly improved. The encapsulated industrial-scale modules successfully passed the three module quality tests (MQTs) in the IEC 61215-2-2021 standard: outdoor exposure (MQT 08), UV pre-conditioning (MQT 10), and wet-high temperature operating life (MQT 13) tests.