A sugar-responsive dynamic biointerface for the regulation of cell adhesion and macrophage polarization behavior

Here we report a new strategy for the functionalization of soft polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogels with a sugar-responsive dynamic biointerface, offering a more accurate mimicry of the cellular microenvironment for cell dynamic adhesion and macrophage polarization. This dynamic platform shows the potential for recapitulating the physiological stiffness of various human tissues, enabling the modulation of cell behaviors through a natural biofeedback mechanism.