Magnetic functionalized triazine based microporous organic network for efficient extraction of quinolone antibiotics in water and food samples: Adsorption mechanisms and analytical application

Background Antibiotics have been extensively applied to treat human and animal diseases for a long time, leading to residues in the environment and food. As a major global concern, there is an urgent need for selective, sensitive, and easy-to-use detection techniques for antibiotics. The efficient extraction and enrichment of quinolone antibiotics in complex samples still subject to some limitations. Microporous organic networks (MONs) have received widespread attention as adsorbents for sample pretreatment. However, the design and synthesis of functionalized MONs to obtain superior performance still need to be developed. Results In this study, a magnetic functionalized triazine based-microporous organic network (Fe 3 O 4 @TMON) was synthesized for the extraction, purification, and detection of quinolone antibiotics in water and meat samples. Batch experiments, chemical characterization, and simulation calculations illustrated the good adsorption performance of Fe 3 O 4 @TMON for ofloxacin (OFL), ciprofloxacin (CIP), and enrofloxacin (ENR). π-π stacking, π-π EDA, hydrogen bonding, and hydrophobic interactions dominate the adsorption process. A novel method for detecting quinolones in water and meat samples using high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detector was established under optimized magnetic micro-solid phase extraction parameters based on Fe 3 O 4 @TMON. For water samples, the enrichment factors, limits of detection, recoveries, and precisions were within the ranges of 215.8–265.0, 0.20–0.40 ng/L, 86.3-106.0%, and 2.9-7.9%, respectively. And for meat samples, they were 8.7-9.9, 0.08–0.16 μg/kg, 87.2-98.8%, and 2.9-8.6%, respectively. Significance This work developed a new member of MONs, exhibiting good application potential in the efficient extraction of organic pollutants from complex matrices. It provides a new perspective and reference for the formation of detection strategies, establishment of detection methods, and exploration of adsorption mechanisms. In addition, it ensures environmental safety and human health, laying a solid foundation for future scientific research and technological development.